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Who controls the world?

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Premium Statement 

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Dr Robert Edinger with Son David

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Degree sought, field, or place of origin!

Statements of Excellence for Admission to Graduate School in Economics

Sample Personal Statement Agricultural Economics, Korean Applicant

I was born to the study of international markets since my father worked as a trader in heavy industry for almost 30 years and did business in 10+ countries including the Middle East, India, Singapore, China, the U.S. and several European countries. Thus, in addition to learning a great deal about international commerce, I was also exposed to a broad variety of cultures and languages growing up, all of which fostered in me a sense of identity as a global citizen advocating for planetary ethics. On my first trip to India, for example, I saw hundreds of homeless people laying down in the street begging for coins. Horrified and curious, I began paying special attention to food issues, learning why an agricultural giant like India was not even close to achieving food security for its people.

I left my native Korea to study abroad shortly before turning 13 years old. First, I went to England all alone at the age of 13 to study English intensively for 3 months. Courageous and a big fan of Harry Potter, I thought England was the place to be. After a short time at home, I went to Canada as an exchange student for a year and then on to Seattle for three years where I completed high school and excelled at gymnastics. Next, I went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for four years where I began studying Broadcast Journalism, thinking of becoming a film and TV producer. Soon, however, I switched my major to Agriculture and immersed myself in in-depth study, particularly as concerns farm machinery. My father, who has always been my foremost role model, with his background in heavy industry, convinced me to focus on food.

As a student of farming, I profited greatly from the experience of spending 4 years in the “Corn Belt” (Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Ohio). I quickly realized that I was located at the center of the world’s breadbasket and have studied intensively the way in which production of the most basic staples, corn and wheat in particular, are heavily concentrated in only countries, especially the US, Brazil, Russia and China – all of which are major exporters of basic grains. My undergraduate studies have sparked a lifetime dedication to the study of agricultural economics as a result of the great passion that I find aroused in me by these and other burning issues of the day related to global food supplies.

In my senior year in college, I took the course “Commodity Futures and Options” and learned a great deal about how crops are traded between companies and internationally. I could not be more intrigued with questions surrounding the demands of economic development, on the one hand, and food security concerns on the other. This is why I am so keen to go to graduate school in the area of international economics and policy. I seek the fullest immersion experience possible that will help me to fully grasp and put to good use global perspectives on the relationship between efficient land use and food security.

I could not be more pleased that my efforts were rewarded this year by my being awarded a graduate -student travel grant to attend and present my research at an international conference.

I thank you for considering my application to XXXX University.

An economist walks into a bar

Great Accomplishments in Economics

Adam Smith

Adam Smith advanced the idea of ‘Absolute Advantage Theory’, which refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost.

Smith’s system had two requirements: the market must be free from government intervention and competition must be in full range.

He believed that producers provide the right goods and services as a consequence of market forces. And—without government intervention—a laissez faire environment is possible, where competition exists to cater for organized production to suit the public.

Hence, an increase in public wellbeing is inevitable. He introduced the basis of the free market economy, where: “the competition would benefit both the producers and consumers”. He concluded that the greater the competition, the greater the producers’ profit. According to him, where there is competition, the prices of commodity tend to decrease, which results in more demand, and more profit.

David Ricardo

David Ricardo is most remembered for his ‘Theory of Comparative Advantage’, which explains how trade can create value for two parties even when one can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other.

Ricardo termed the net benefit of such an outcome as a ‘gain from trade’. His basic definition of comparative advantage is the ability of an individual, a firm or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal cost and opportunity cost than another.

Ricardo contributed the ‘doctrine of fiscal equivalence´, an economic theory that suggests that the government’s initiative to increase debt-financed government spending for the purpose of stimulating demand does not actually affect the demand due to the public’s consciousness to save excess money for the payment of future tax increases in lieu of the debt settlement.

Ricardo established the ‘Theory of Rent’, which is directly tied to the marginal productivity of the land. The basis of this theory is his analogy that population growth equals more mouths to feed, which leads to the need for more grain therefore land.

This led to the view that an increase in food cost, salary and profit is an advantage for land owners. The ‘Theory of Value’, which is tied directly to labor cost, is another Ricardian principle. He claimed that labor, like all other goods, is purchased and sold, may increase or decrease in quantity, and has its natural price and market price.

The natural price of labor is the price that is necessary to enable constant subsistence and perpetuation. Finally, he postulated the ‘Theory of Distribution’, which is inextricably linked to the theories of rent and value. He pointed out that the return of the land is not constant like the amount of capital available. It does not equate to similar growth rate: land suffers from diminishing returns. The maximum level of economic rent results from the marginal cultivation of the land.

Leon Walras

Leon Walras’ biggest contribution to economics is his ‘General Equilibrium Theory’. He is also one of the founders of the ‘marginal revolution’, postulating the idea of marginal utility.

The general equilibrium theory has the objective of proving that all prices are at equilibrium. This theory analyzes the mechanism by which the choices of economic agents are coordinated across markets and attempts to look at several markets simultaneously, rather than any single market in isolation.

On the other hand, marginal utility is defined as the additional satisfaction or benefit that a consumer derives from buying an additional unit of a commodity or service.

The concept implies that the utility or benefit to a consumer of an additional unit of a product is inversely related to the number of units of that product she already owns.

Alfred Marshall

Alfred Marshall’s main argument is that the economy is an evolutionary process in which technology, market institutions and people’s preferences evolve alongsdie people’s behavior.

He introduced the idea of three periods: namely Market Period, Short Period and Long Period, in order to understand how markets adjust to changes in supply or demand over time.

The Market Period is the amount of time the stock or commodity is fixed. Meanwhile, the time in which the supply can be increased by adding labor and other inputs but not capital is known as Short Period. The Long Period is the amount of time taken for capital to be increased.

Marshall’s basic approach to welfare economics still stands today; in his most important work, ‘Principles of Economics’, he was able to quantify the buyers’ sensitivity to price.

Marshall emphasized that supply and demand determines the price output of a good: the two curves are like scissor blades that intersect at an equilibrium. This concept is otherwise known as Price Elasticity of Demand; Marshall proposed that the price is basically parallel for each unit of commodity that a consumer buys, but the value to the consumer of each additional unit declines.

In line with this, he illustrated the benefits of the consumer from market surplus, and termed these benefits “Consumer Surplus”: the size of the benefit equals the difference between the consumer’s value of all the units and the amount paid for the units.

In other words, consumers pay less than the value of the good to themselves. Marshall also introduced the concept of “Producer Surplus”: the amount the producer is actually paid, minus the amount that he would willingly accept.

Economics has many pioneering characters within it, and there is certainly space for more talented ones. Will you go into this field? How can we help you on your way up?